An upper endoscopy is a procedure that allows doctors to look at the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). During an endoscopy, a small tissue sample (biopsy) may be taken for further diagnostic testing

During a lower endoscopy, the rectum, cecum, and large intestine can be visualized and biopsies can be taken for a definitive diagnosis

During a cystoscopy, it is possible to visually examine the bladder, urethra, prostate (in males), and female reproductive organs. In addition, biopsies and cultures may be taken during the procedure

A bronchoscopy can be used to view the nose, trachea, and lungs, and can also allow for the taking of samples such as biopsies and cultures during the examination